Dapagliflozin alleviates high glucose-induced injury of endothelial cells via inducing autophagy.

Hyperglycaemia is a key factor in the progression of diabetes complications. Dapagliflozin (DAPA), a new type of hypoglycaemic agent, has been shown to play an important role in anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Previous studies have demonstrated an endothelial protective effect of DAPA, but the underlying mechanism was still unclear. Autophagy is a homeostatic cellular mechanism that circulates unfolded proteins and damaged organelles through lysosomal dependent degradation. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether DAPA plays a protective role against high glucose (HG)-induced endothelial injury through regulating autophagy. The results showed that DAPA treatment resulted in increased cell viability. Additionally, DAPA treatment decreased interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α levels in endothelial cells subjected to HG conditions. We observed that HG inhibited autophagy, and DAPA increased the autophagy level by inhibiting the protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. Chloroquine reversed all of these beneficial effects as an autophagy inhibitor. In summary, the endothelial protective effect of DAPA in HG can be attributed in part to its role in activating of autophagy via the AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. Therefore, suggesting that the activation of autophagy by DAPA may be a novel target for the treatment of HG-induced endothelial cell injury.

Preoperative Levosimendan Administration in Heart Transplant Patients with Severe Hepatic and Renal Impairment: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: The cardio-renal syndrome and hepatic impairment play a critical role in end-stage heart failure (HF). Levosimendan is an effective inotropic agent used to maintain cardiac output similar to classic cardiotonic like dobutamine/dopamine. This current research aims to investigate the clinical outcomes of levosimendan and dobutamine/dopamine in Chinese heart transplant awaiting patients with severe hepatic or renal impairment. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 568 heart transplant awaiting individuals with severe hepatic or renal impairment who treated with levosimendan or dobutamine/dopamine in our institution between January 2015 and December 2020. Univariate Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were applied. The primary endpoint was defined as death included inhospital mortality and the mortality at 30 days, 90 days, 180 days and 1 year after heart transplantation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mortality rate at 30, 90, 180 days and 1 years after heart transplantation between the levosimendan and non-levosimendan groups, or between subgroups of patients with severe hepatic impairment or renal impairment. The results were consistent before and after propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS: In the population with advanced heart failure awaiting heart transplantation, levosimendan did not increase short- or long-term mortality rates after surgery compared to dobutamine/dopamine, regardless of their hepatic or renal function. Severe hepatic or renal impairment were not necessarily considered a contraindication for levosimendan in these patients.

Cinnamaldehyde protects donor heart from cold ischemia-reperfusion injury via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

With the growing shortage of organs, improvements in donor organ protection are needed to meet the increasing demands for transplantation. Here, the aim was to investigate the protective effect of cinnamaldehyde against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in donor hearts exposed to prolonged cold ischemia. Donor hearts were harvested from rats pretreated with or without cinnamaldehyde, then subjected to 24 h of cold preservation and 1 h of ex vivo perfusion. Hemodynamic changes, myocardial inflammation, oxidative stress, and myocardial apoptosis were evaluated. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway involved in the cardioprotective effects of cinnamaldehyde was explored through RNA sequencing and western blot analysis. Intriguingly, cinnamaldehyde pretreatment remarkably improved cardiac function through increasing coronary flow, left ventricular systolic pressure, +dp/dtmax, and -dp/dtmax, decreasing coronary vascular resistance and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Moreover, our findings indicated that cinnamaldehyde pretreatment protected the heart from IRI by alleviating myocardial inflammation, attenuating oxidative stress, and reducing myocardial apoptosis. Further studies showed that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was activated after cinnamaldehyde treatment during IRI. The protective effects of cinnamaldehyde were abolished by LY294002. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde pretreatment alleviated IRI in donor hearts suffering from prolonged cold ischemia. Cinnamaldehyde exerted cardioprotective effects through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Association of fasting blood glucose variability with all-cause mortality in heart transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Fasting blood glucose (FBG) variability, an emerging marker of glycemic control, has been shown to be related to the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in subjects with or without diabetes. However, whether FBG variability is independently associated with a higher all-cause mortality in heart transplant recipients remains unknown. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study including 373 adult recipients who survived for at least 1 year after heart transplantation with a functioning graft and measured FBG more than three times within first year after transplantation. Multivariable adjusted Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the association between FBG variability and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Patients were categorized into three groups according to the coefficient of variation of FBG level: ≤7.0%, 7.0%-13.5%, and >13.5%. During a median follow-up of 44.4 months (interquartile range [IQR], 22.6-63.3 months), 31 (8.3%) participants died. In univariate analyses, FBG variability was associated with an increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67, 5.38; p < .001). This association remained materially unchanged in the multivariable model adjusted for components of demographics, cardiovascular history and lifestyle, hospital information, immunosuppressive therapy, and post-transplant renal function (HR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.43, 5.28; p = .004). CONCLUSIONS: After heart transplantation, high FBG variability is strongly and independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Our findings suggest that FBG variability is a novel risk factor and prognostic marker for heart transplantation recipients in outpatient clinic.

The role of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in cancer diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive review.

Cancer's pathological processes are complex and present several challenges for current chemotherapy methods. These challenges include cytotoxicity, multidrug resistance, the proliferation of cancer stem cells, and a lack of specificity. To address these issues, researchers have turned to nanomaterials, which possess distinct optical, magnetic, and electrical properties due to their size range of 1-100 nm. Nanomaterials have been engineered to improve cancer treatment by mitigating cytotoxicity, enhancing specificity, increasing drug payload capacity, and improving drug bioavailability. Despite a growing corpus of research on this subject, there has been limited progress in permitting nanodrugs for medical use. The advent of nanotechnology, particularly advances in intelligent nanomaterials, has transformed the field of cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanoparticles' large surface area allows them to successfully encapsulate a large number of molecules. Nanoparticles can be functionalized with various bio-based substrates like RNA, DNA, aptamers, and antibodies, enhancing their theranostic capabilities. Biologically derived nanomaterials offer economical, easily producible, and less toxic alternatives to conventionally manufactured ones. This review offers a comprehensive overview of cancer theranostics methodologies, focusing on intelligent nanomaterials such as metal, polymeric, and carbon-based nanoparticles. I have also critically discussed their benefits and challenges in cancer therapy and diagnostics. Utilizing intelligent nanomaterials holds promise for advancing cancer theranostics, and improving tumor detection and treatment. Further research should optimize nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery and explore enhanced permeability, cytotoxicity, and retention effects.

Economic burden attributable to healthcare-associated infections in tertiary public hospitals of Central China: a multi-centre case-control study.

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and cost, which vary widely by region and hospital. In this case-control study, we calculated losses attributable to HAI in central China. A total of 2976 patients in 10 hospitals were enrolled, and the incidence rate of HAI (range, 0.88-4.15%) was significantly, but negatively associated with the cost per 1000 beds of its prevention (range, $24 929.76-$53 146.41; r = -0.76). The per capita economic loss attributable to HAIs was $2047.07 (interquartile range, $327.63-$6429.17), mainly from the pharmaceutical cost (median, $1044.39). The HAIs, which occurred in patients with commercial medical insurance, affected the haematologic system and caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, contributed most to the losses (median, $3881.55, $4734.20 and $9882.75, respectively). Furthermore, the economic losses attributable to device-associated infections and hospital-acquired multi-drug resistant bacteria were two to four times those of the controls. The burden attributable to HAI is heavy, and opportunities for easing this burden exist in several areas, including that strengthening antibiotic stewardship and practicing effective bundle of HAI prevention for patients carrying high-risk factors, for example, elders or those with catheterisations in healthcare institutions, and accelerating the medical insurance payment system reform based on diagnosis-related groups by policy-making departments.

Molecular mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory activities of lirioresinol B dimethyl ether through suppression of NF-κB and MAPK signaling in in vitro and in vivo models.

The aim of the present study is to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of lirioresinol B dimethyl ether via inhibition of multiple signaling pathways in both in vitro and in vivo pharmacological models. To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the lirioresinol B dimethyl ether, RAW 264.7 macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were treated with various concentrations of lirioresinol B dimethyl ether (5, 15, 25, and 50 µM). The results indicated that pretreatment with lirioresinol B dimethyl ether significantly suppressed nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, nitric oxide (NO) production, the protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Lirioresinol B dimethyl ether inhibited LPS-induced activation of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release. The results obtained by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated a concentration dependent reduction of the LPS-stimulated activation of NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) by lirioresinol B dimethyl ether in in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, lirioresinol B dimethyl ether also reduced the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 protein and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) as well as promoted the degradation of IκBα. Lirioresinol B dimethyl ether also significantly down-regulated the phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p-38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Furthermore, the results of acute and chronic inflammation demonstrated that lirioresinol B dimethyl ether (10 and 50 mg per kg) reduced paw edema and mechanical hyperalgesia in carrageenan- and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced in vivo mouse models, respectively. Hence, the current results indicate that lirioresinol B dimethyl ether either act by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators through down-regulation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways and reduction of NF-κB activation.

Disturbed energy and amino acid metabolism with their diagnostic potential in mitral valve disease revealed by untargeted plasma metabolic profiling.

INTRODUCTION: Mitral valve disease (MVD), including mitral valve regurgitation (MR) and mitral valve stenosis (MS), is a chronic and progressive cardiac malady. However, the metabolic alterations in MVD is not well-understood till now. The current gold standard diagnostic test, transthoracic echocardiography, has limitations on high-throughput measurement and lacks molecular information for early diagnosis of the disease. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the biochemical alterations and to explore their diagnostic potential for MVD. METHODS: Plasma metabolic profile derangements and their diagnostic potential were non-invasively explored in 34 MR and 20 MS patients against their corresponding controls, using high-throughput NMR-based untargeted metabolomics. RESULTS: Eighteen differential metabolites were identified for MR and MS patients respectively, on the basis of multivariate and univariate data analysis, which were mainly involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, calcium metabolism and inflammation. These differential metabolites, notably the significantly down-regulated formate and lactate, showed high diagnostic potential for MVD by using Spearman's rank-order correlation analysis and ROC analysis. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first one that explores the metabolic derangements and their diagnostic values in MVD patients using metabolomics. The findings indicated that metabolic disturbance occurred in MVD patients, with plasma formate and lactate emerged as important candidate biomarkers for MVD.

Melatonin protects circulatory death heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury via the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway.

AIMS: The shortage of donor hearts could be alleviated with the use of the allografts from donation after circulatory death (DCD). Here, we evaluated the protective effect of melatonin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury in a DCD heart model after ex vivo perfusion. MAIN METHODS: Donor hearts were harvested from DCD model rats pre-treated with or without melatonin and subjected to 30 min of ex vivo perfusion, followed by transplantation. Tissue samples were obtained at 3, 12, and 24 h after heart transplantation. Myocardial oedema was evaluated based on the water content and wet/dry ratio, while inflammation was examined with hematoxylin & eosin staining. The expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α were evaluated. Oxidative stress level was determined from the content of malondialdehyde, activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and expression of Nrf2, NQO1 and cytochrome-C. Myocardial apoptosis was detected with TUNEL assay and measurement of the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3. The activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway was evaluated by determining the levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3. KEY FINDINGS: Melatonin pre-treatment protected the heart from MI/R by reducing myocardial oedema and inflammation, attenuating oxidative stress, and decreasing myocardial apoptosis. Furthermore, the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway was activated after melatonin treatment during MI/R. The protective effects of melatonin were abolished by AG490. SIGNIFICANCE: Melatonin pre-treatment protected the heart from MI/R in a DCD heart model after ex vivo perfusion. Melatonin exerted cardioprotective effects through the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway.

Muc1 promotes migration and lung metastasis of melanoma cells.

Early stages of melanoma can be successfully treated by surgical resection of the tumor, but there is still no effective treatment once it is progressed to metastatic phases. Although growing family of both melanoma metastasis promoting and metastasis suppressor genes have been reported be related to metastasis, the molecular mechanisms governing melanoma metastatic cascade are still not completely understood. Therefore, defining the molecules that govern melanoma metastasis may aid the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for combating melanoma. In the present study, we found that muc1 is involved in the metastasis of melanoma cells and demonstrated that muc1 disruption impairs melanoma cells migration and metastasis. The requirement of muc1 in the migration of melanoma cells was further confirmed by gene silencing in vitro. In corresponding to this result, over-expression of muc1 significantly promoted the migratory of melanoma cells. Moreover, down-regulation of muc1 expression strikingly inhibits melanoma cellular metastasis in vivo. Finally, we found that muc1 promotes melanoma migration through the protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. To conclude, our findings suggest a novel mechanism underlying the metastasis of melanoma cells which might serve as a new intervention target for the treatment of melanoma.

Clinicopathological significance and potential drug target of RUNX3 in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence indicates that RUNX3 is a candidate tumor suppressor in several types of human tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the correlation between RUNX3 hypermethylation and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC remains unclear. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the effects of RUNX3 hypermethylation on the incidence of NSCLC and clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS: A detailed literature search was made using Medline, Embase and Web of Science for related research publications written in English. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated. The data were extracted and assessed independently by two reviewers. Analysis of pooled data was performed. The odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio were calculated and summarized. RESULTS: Final analysis of 911 NSCLC patients from 13 eligible studies was performed. We observed that RUNX3 hypermethylation was significantly higher in NSCLC than in normal lung tissue; the pooled OR from seven studies including 361 NSCLC and 345 normal lung tissue (OR 7.08, confidence interval 4.12-12.17, P<0.00001). RUNX3 hypermethylation may also be associated with pathological types. The pooled OR was obtained from eleven studies including 271 squamous cell carcinoma and 389 adenocarcinoma (OR 0.41, confidence interval 0.19-0.89, P=0.02), which indicated that RUNX3 hypermethylation is significantly higher in adenocarcinoma that in squamous cell carcinoma. We did not find that RUNX3 hypermethylation was correlated with clinical stage or differentiated status. However, NSCLC patients with RUNX3 hypermethylation had a lower survival rate than those without RUNX3 hypermethylation. CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that RUNX3 hypermethylation is associated with an increased risk and worse survival in NSCLC. RUNX3 hypermethylation, which induces inactivation of the RUNX3 gene, plays an important role in lung carcinogenesis and clinical outcome.

MiR-195 inhibits the growth and metastasis of NSCLC cells by targeting IGF1R.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs which act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in multiple human cancers. Accumulating evidence reveals that aberrant expression of miRNAs contributes to the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we identified miR-195 as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC cells, whose expression level was dramatically decreased in both NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-195 suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis-related traits in vitro. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was identified as a direct target of miR-195 in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, restoration of IGF1R remarkably attenuated the tumor suppressive effects of miR-195 on NSCLC cells. Our data suggest that miR-195 may be involved in the carcinogenesis of NSCLC partially by targeting IGF1R.